In recent years, numerous tools and approaches have been developed to counter mis/disinformation and enhance public health communication in an environment of mistrust. To provide practitioners with an overview of these tools and approaches, the project team developed the 4 i Framework for Advancing Communication and Trust (4 i FACT). This framework is based on a review of more than 350 misinformation management and communication resources, tools, and approaches that were published or available in the public domain as of March 2023.
The 4 i FACT is a modified social-ecological model that outlines 4 possible levels of intervention: information, individual, interpersonal/community, and institutional/structural. Within each level is a menu of possible strategies for preventing, managing, and/or mitigating the negative impacts of health-related misinformation and enhancing communication in an environment of mistrust. (author description)